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Research Article

Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean

Margaret L. Antonio1,*,

Ziyue Gao2,3,*,

Hannah M. Moots4,*,

Michaela Lucci5,

Francesca Candilio6,7,

Susanna Sawyer8,

Victoria Oberreiter8,

Diego Calderon1,

Katharina Devitofranceschi8,

Rachael C. Aikens1,

Serena Aneli9,

Fulvio Bartoli10,

Alessandro Bedini11,

Olivia Cheronet8,

Daniel J. Cotter3,

Daniel M. Fernandes8,12,

Gabriella Gasperetti13,

Renata Grifoni14,

Alessandro Guidi15,

Francesco La Pastina7,

Ersilia Loreti16,

Daniele Manacorda17,

Giuseppe Matullo9,

Simona Morretta18,

Alessia Nava5,19,

Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai20,

Federico Nomi15,

Carlo Pavolini21,

Massimo Pentiricci16,

Philippe Pergola22,

Marina Piranomonte23,

Ryan Schmidt24,

Giandomenico Spinola25,

Alessandra Sperduti19,27,

Mauro Rubini28,29,

Luca Bondioli19,

Alfredo Coppa7,†,

Ron Pinhasi8,†,‡,

Jonathan K. Pritchard2,3,29,†,‡

1Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

3Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

4Stanford University, Department of Anthropology, Stanford, CA, USA.

5DANTE Laboratory for the study of Diet and Ancient Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

6School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

7Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

8Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

9Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.

10Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

11Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali (retired), Rome, Italy.

12CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

13Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy.

14Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

15Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.

16Curatore beni culturali presso la Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome, Italy.

17Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.

18Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy.

19Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy.

20Christian and Medieval Archaeology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.

21Università della Tuscia, DISUCOM Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, della Comunicazione e del Turismo, Viterbo, Italy.

22Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.

23Soprintendenza speciale Archeologia Belle arti e paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy.

24University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

25Musei Vaticani, Reparto Antichità Greche e Romane, Vatican City.

26Università L’Orientale Napoli, Naples, Italy.

27Dipartimento di Archeologia, Università di Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

28SABAP-LAZ Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Rome, Italy.

29Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

↵†Corresponding author. Email: [email-masked] (J.K.P.); [email-masked] (R.P.); [email-masked] (A.C.)

↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.

↵‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Science  08 Nov 2019:
Vol. 366, Issue 6466, pp. 708-714
DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6826

Margaret L. Antonio

Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Ziyue Gao

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Hannah M. Moots

Stanford University, Department of Anthropology, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Michaela Lucci

DANTE Laboratory for the study of Diet and Ancient Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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Francesca Candilio

School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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Susanna Sawyer

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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Victoria Oberreiter

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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Diego Calderon

Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Katharina Devitofranceschi

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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Rachael C. Aikens

Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Serena Aneli

Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.

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Fulvio Bartoli

Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

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Alessandro Bedini

Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali (retired), Rome, Italy.

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Olivia Cheronet

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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Daniel J. Cotter

Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Daniel M. Fernandes

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

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Gabriella Gasperetti

Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy.

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Renata Grifoni

Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

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Alessandro Guidi

Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.

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Francesco La Pastina

Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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Ersilia Loreti

Curatore beni culturali presso la Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome, Italy.

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Daniele Manacorda

Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.

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Giuseppe Matullo

Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.

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Simona Morretta

Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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Alessia Nava

DANTE Laboratory for the study of Diet and Ancient Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy.

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Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai

Christian and Medieval Archaeology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.

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Federico Nomi

Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.

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Carlo Pavolini

Università della Tuscia, DISUCOM Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, della Comunicazione e del Turismo, Viterbo, Italy.

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Massimo Pentiricci

Curatore beni culturali presso la Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome, Italy.

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Philippe Pergola

Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.

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Marina Piranomonte

Soprintendenza speciale Archeologia Belle arti e paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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Ryan Schmidt

University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

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Giandomenico Spinola

Musei Vaticani, Reparto Antichità Greche e Romane, Vatican City.

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Alessandra Sperduti

Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy.Dipartimento di Archeologia, Università di Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

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Mauro Rubini

SABAP-LAZ Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Rome, Italy.Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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Luca Bondioli

Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy.

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Alfredo Coppa

Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

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For correspondence: [email-masked] [email-masked] [email-masked]

Ron Pinhasi

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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For correspondence: [email-masked] [email-masked] [email-masked]

Jonathan K. Pritchard

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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For correspondence: [email-masked] [email-masked] [email-masked]

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A 10,000-year transect of Roman populations

Rome wasn't built (or settled) in a day. Antonio et al. performed an ancestral DNA analysis to investigate the genetic changes that occurred in Rome and central Italy from the Mesolithic into modern times. By examining 127 Roman genomes and their archaeological context, the authors demonstrate a major ancestry shift in the Neolithic between hunter gatherers and farmers. A second ancestry shift is observed in the Bronze Age, likely coinciding with trade and an increased movement of populations. Genetic changes track the historical changes occurring in Rome and reflect gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa over time.

Science, this issue p. 708

Abstract

Ancient Rome was the capital of an empire of ~70 million inhabitants, but little is known about the genetics of ancient Romans. Here we present 127 genomes from 29 archaeological sites in and around Rome, spanning the past 12,000 years. We observe two major prehistoric ancestry transitions: one with the introduction of farming and another prior to the Iron Age. By the founding of Rome, the genetic composition of the region approximated that of modern Mediterranean populations. During the Imperial period, Rome’s population received net immigration from the Near East, followed by an increase in genetic contributions from Europe. These ancestry shifts mirrored the geopolitical affiliations of Rome and were accompanied by marked interindividual diversity, reflecting gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa.

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Vol 366, Issue 6466
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Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean

By Margaret L. Antonio, Ziyue Gao, Hannah M. Moots, Michaela Lucci, Francesca Candilio, Susanna Sawyer, Victoria Oberreiter, Diego Calderon, Katharina Devitofranceschi, Rachael C. Aikens, Serena Aneli, Fulvio Bartoli, Alessandro Bedini, Olivia Cheronet, Daniel J. Cotter, Daniel M. Fernandes, Gabriella Gasperetti, Renata Grifoni, Alessandro Guidi, Francesco La Pastina, Ersilia Loreti, Daniele Manacorda, Giuseppe Matullo, Simona Morretta, Alessia Nava, Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai, Federico Nomi, Carlo Pavolini, Massimo Pentiricci, Philippe Pergola, Marina Piranomonte, Ryan Schmidt, Giandomenico Spinola, Alessandra Sperduti, Mauro Rubini, Luca Bondioli, Alfredo Coppa, Ron Pinhasi, Jonathan K. Pritchard

Science08 Nov 2019 : 708-714

Whole-genome sequencing of ancient Romans reveals a dynamic population history and reflects historical events.

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Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean

By Margaret L. Antonio, Ziyue Gao, Hannah M. Moots, Michaela Lucci, Francesca Candilio, Susanna Sawyer, Victoria Oberreiter, Diego Calderon, Katharina Devitofranceschi, Rachael C. Aikens, Serena Aneli, Fulvio Bartoli, Alessandro Bedini, Olivia Cheronet, Daniel J. Cotter, Daniel M. Fernandes, Gabriella Gasperetti, Renata Grifoni, Alessandro Guidi, Francesco La Pastina, Ersilia Loreti, Daniele Manacorda, Giuseppe Matullo, Simona Morretta, Alessia Nava, Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai, Federico Nomi, Carlo Pavolini, Massimo Pentiricci, Philippe Pergola, Marina Piranomonte, Ryan Schmidt, Giandomenico Spinola, Alessandra Sperduti, Mauro Rubini, Luca Bondioli, Alfredo Coppa, Ron Pinhasi, Jonathan K. Pritchard

Science08 Nov 2019 : 708-714

Whole-genome sequencing of ancient Romans reveals a dynamic population history and reflects historical events.

Supplementary Materials

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