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>>47808
CMOS is more finicky to fabricate, but to make a long story short, it can have better low-noise performance at the same ISO as a CCD sensor. Aside from a few old oddball bodies, all Canon SLRs use Canon-made CMOS sensors, and this is why they have a reputation for excellent high-ISO performance. Not necessarily better resolution, just less noise.
CCD sensors are cheap to make and high-resolution, and CCD SLR sensors (Sony makes most, Samsung and Panasonic are distant runners-up) are big enough that noise isn't usually a problem until ISO800. It's a mature technology. Almost all P&S sensors are Sony-made CCDs. (Fuji rolls their own sometimes.)
LBCAST is similar to CMOS in design, and Nikon uses it on some of their top-end SLRs. Very high quality sensors; low noise, high resolution.
Foveon (from Sigma) is interesting (3 layers of sensors, one on top of each other) and has some theoretical benefits (better resolution and color accuracy) but there's some serious practical problems with them. Avoid until they're ironed out.
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