Credits
Photographs
Chapter 1
Opener (Soil): © Barry Runk/Stan/Grant Heilman; (Trees): © Barbara von Hoffman/Tom Stack & Associates; (Butterfly): © Kjell Sandved/Butterfly Alphabet; (Toucan): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; (Frog): © Kevin Schaefer and Martha Hill/Tom Stack & Associates; (Orchid): © Max and Bea Hunn/Visuals Unlimited; (Jaguar): © BIOS (Seitre)/Peter Arnold; (Bacteria): © David Scharf/SPL/
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1.2a: © agefotostock/
SuperStock; 1.2b: © Ed Young/Corbis; 1.3 (Top): 
© Vol. 113/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 1.3 (Bottom): © David Mack/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 
1.5 (background): © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 1.5 (inset): © M. Rhode/GBF/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1.6 (background): © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1.6 (inset): © Biophoto Assoc/Photo Researchers; 1.7: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 1.8: © Rob Planck/Tom Stack & Associates; 1.9: © Farell Grehan/Photo Researchers; 1.10: © Leonard L. Rue; 1.11a: 
© Kathy Sloane/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1.11b: 
© Edgar Bernstein/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1.11c: © Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1.13a–c: From Bidlack, J.E., S.C. Rao, and D.H. Demezas 2001. Nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and dry weight of chickpea and pigeon pea cultivars using different Bradyrhizobium strains. Journal of Plant Nutrition: 24:549–560.
Chapter 2
Opener (Girders): © Royalty-Free/Corbis; (Blood): 
© PhotoLink/Getty Images; (Ocean): © Evelyn Jo Hebert/Pinkletink Photo; (Sunbathing): © Adam smith/CORBIS; (Melanoma): © James Stevenson/SPL/Photo Researchers; (Radiographers): © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 2.1: © Corbis Royalty-Free; 2.4a: © Biomed Commun./Custom Medical Stock Photo; 2.4b (Top): © Hank Morgan/Rainbow; 
2.4b (Bottom): © Mazzlota etal./Photo Researchers; 2.5a: © Tony Freeman/Photo Edit; 2.5b: © Geoff Tompkinson/SPL/Photo Researchers; 2.7b: 
© Charles M. Falco/Photo Researchers; 2.9: © Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 2.10: © Corbis Royalty-Free; 2.11: © Claude Nuridsany & Marie Perennou/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 2.12a: © Martin Dohrn/SPL/
Photo Researchers; 2.12b: © Amanda Langford/
SuperStock RF; 2.18a: © Frederica Georgia/Photo Researchers; 2.18b: © Ray Pfortner/Peter Arnold.
Chapter 3
Opener (Omlet): © Dennis Gray/Getty Images; (FiberCon): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Woman): © Dennis Gray/Cole Group/Getty Images; (Eggs): © Dennis Gray/Cole Group/Getty Images; 3.1a: © Lary Lefever/Grant Heilman Photo; 3.1b: © Leonard Lee Rue/Photo Researchers; 3.1c: © H. Pol/CNRI SPL/Photo Researchers; 3.4, 3.5, 3.6: © Dwight Kuhn; 3.8: © Renee Lynn/Photo Researchers; 3.10a: 
© Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers; 3.10b: 
© Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers; 3.10c: © J.D. Litvay/Visuals Unlimited; 3.11: ©LIGHTWAVE PHOTOGRAPHY, INC./Animals Animals - Earth Scenes; 3.15b,c: © CORBIS RF; 3.16a (Top): 
© Reuters/Corbis; 3.16a (Web): © OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 3.16b: © P. Motta & S. Correr/
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 3.16c: © Duomo/Corbis; 3.21: © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 4
Opener (Canoeing): © Warren Morgan/Corbis; (Osteocyte): © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Apoptosis): © David McCarthy/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Neuron): © Ed Reschke; (Cone cell): © Lennart Nilsson, from “The Incredible Machine”; (Oocyte): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (RBC): © Ed Reschke; 4.1 (LM): © Matt Meadows/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 4.1 (Simple squamous); 4.1 (TEM): © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 4.1 (Leaf cells): © Ray F. Evert, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 4.1 (Lymphocyte): Courtesy Dr. Joseph R. Goodman; 4.1b (Euglena): © T.E. Adams/Visuals Unlimited; 4.4: © Ralph A. Slepecky/Visuals Unlimited; 4.7a: © Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 4.8a: © Newcomb/Wergin/BPS; 4.9: © Ron Milligan, Scripps Research Institute; 4.11: © R. Bolender and D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; 4.13a: © Roland/Birke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 4.13b: © Newcomb/Wergin/BPS; 4.14: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University; 4.15b: Courtesy Keith Porter; 4.18: Courtesy Kent McDonald; 4.19a (left): © Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 4.19a (right): 
© David  M. Phillips/Photo Researchers; 4.19b (both): © William L. Dentler/BPS; 4.20: © E.H. Newcomb/BPS; 4.22a: From Douglas E. Kelly, Journal of Cell Biology, 28 (1966:51). Reproduced by permission of The Rockefeller University Press.
Chapter 5
Opener (Antibiotic): © Tom Pantages/ Phototake; (Staph): © Oliver Meckes/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Athlete): © agefotostock/SuperStock; (Temperature): © Vol. 41/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 5.1: © GoodShoot/SuperStock RF; 5.2 (both): 
© Spencer Grant/Photo Edit; 5.6 (top): © Comstock/
Punch Stock; 5.6 (bottom): © Karl Weatherly/Getty Images; 5.7 (Potato, grain): © McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; 5.7 (Apple): © Getty Images; 5.7 (Meat): 
© Foodcollection/Getty Images RF; 5.16 (both): Courtesy Mark Bretscher.
Chapter 6
Opener (Light): Courtesy Hydrofarm Horticultural Products; (Leaf): © Comstock/Punch Stock; (Diatom): © Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; (Dinoflagellate):© SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 
6.1 (Tree): © Connie Coleman/Stone/Getty Images; 6.1 (Sunflower): © Grant Heilman Photography; 
6.1 (Euglena): © T.E. Adams/Visuals Unlimited; 6.1 (Moss): © Bruce Iverson; 6.1 (Kelp): © Chuck Davis/Stone/Getty Images; 6.1 (Diatom): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; 6.1 (Cyanobacteria): © Sherman Thomas/Visuals Unlimited; 6.2 (top): © Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 6.2 (bottom): Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University; 6.5 (both): © Digital Vision RF/Getty; 6.10: © Jim Steinberg/Photo Researchers; 6.11: © Charlie Waite; 6.12: © Beverly Factor Photography; p. 95: © Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 7
Opener (Girls): © Alan Carey/The Image Works; (Exhaust): © Bernard Wittich/Visuals Unlimited; (Athlete): © Bill Robbins/Index Stock Imagery; 
7.1: © Royalty-Free Corbis; 7.5: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter; 7.10: © C Squared Studios/Getty Images; 7.11a: © Rubber Ball Productions/RF Index Stock Imagery, Inc.; 7.11b,c: © C Squared Studios/Getty Images.
Chapter 8
Opener (Patient): © Antonia Reeve/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Cells): © VVG/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (MRI): © Simon Fraser/Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8.1a: © CORBIS RF; 8.1b (top): 
© McDonald Wildlife Photography/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; 8.1b (bottom): © Kevin Hanley/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; 8.1c: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8.1d (both): Lennart Nilsson, “A Child is Born,” 1990 Delacorte Press, pg. 111 (top frame); 8.2 (bottom): Courtesy O.L. Miller, Jr. and Steve L. McKnight; 8.2 (top): 
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 8.5a–e: Photo Courtesy Dr. Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon; 8.6 (all): © Ed Reschke; 8.7 (both): Copyright by R.G. Kessel and C.Y. Shih, Scanning Electron Microscopy in Biology: A Students’ Atlas on Biological Organization, Springer-Verlag, 1974.; 8.8: © B.A. Palevitz and E.H. Newcomb/BPS/Tom Stack & Associates; 8.11 (top): Courtesy Kalus Hahn, Cecelia Subauste, and Gary Bikoch from Science, Vol. 280, April 3, 1998 p. 32; 8.11 (bottom): Courtesy Douglas R. Green, LaJolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego; 8.12b: 
© Breast Scanning Unit, Kings College Hospital, London/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8.13: © Nancy Kedersha/Immunogen/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8.14 (Chard): © Roy Morsch/Corbis; 8.14 (Cabbage): © C. McIntyre/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 8.14 (Berries): © M. Lamotte/Cole Group/Getty Images; 8.14 (Broccoli): © Royalty Free/Corbis; 8.14 (Oranges): © Steve Lupton/CORBIS.
Chapter 9
Opener (Child): © Gary Parker/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Sperm, Egg): © Pascal Goetgheluck/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Couple): © CORBIS/RF; 9.1: © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 9.9 (top): © Jill Cannefax Photography; 9.9 (bottom): © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 10
Opener (Hand): © Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Chromosomes): © Photo Researchers, Inc; (Couple): © Colin Paterson/SuperStock RF; (Smoking): © Royalty-Free/Corbis; 10.1: © Bettmann/CORBIS; 10.8 (Ears): 
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, John Thoeming, photographer; 10.8 (Widow’s peak): © SuperStock; 10.8 (Straight): © Michal Grecco/Stock Boston; 10.12: © Jane Burton/Bruce Coleman; 10.13 (left): © AP/Wide World Photos; 10.13 (right): © Ed Reschke; 10.14 (all): © Ryan McVay/Getty Images.
Chapter 11
Opener: (The Eppendorf®): Courtesy of Eppendorf North America. The Eppendorf® Thermal Cycler is an Authorized Thermal Cycler and may be used with PCR licenses available from Applied Biosystems. Its use with Authorized Reagents also provides a limited PCR license in accordance with the label rights accompanying such reagents; (Neurons): © Sercomi/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Hyaline): © Innerspace Imaging/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Pigs): Courtesy Norrie Russell, The Roslin Institute; 11.1: © Lee Simon/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 11.3a: © Photo Researchers, Inc.; 11.3b: © Science Source/Photo Researchers,Inc.; 11.4: © A. Barrington Brown/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 11.5a: Courtesy Earling Corporation; 11.14b: Courtesy Alexander Rich; 11.18: Courtesy of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 11.22a: © Nita Winter; 11.22b: Courtesy Robert H. Devlin, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; 11.22c: 
© Richard Shade; 11.22d: Bio-Rad; 11.22e: © Jerry Mason/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 12
Opener: (Blood, Lymphoma, Cervical, Colon): 
© Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Photo Researchers, 
Inc.; (Smear): © Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (HPV): © James Cavallini/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12.1.1: © Barry Runk/STAN/
Grant Heilman; 12.1.2: © Grant Heilman; 12.1.3: 
© E. Webber/Visuals Unlimited; 12.3: © AP/Wide World Photos; 12.7: © Chanan Photo 2004; 12.12: Courtesy Prof. Walter Gehring; 12.18: © Pam Francis/Time Pix/Getty; 12.19: © Dr. M.A. Ansary/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 13
Opener (Scientist): Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute. ©2005 The Regents of the University of California; (DNA): © Peter Menzel Photography; (IVF): 
© Pascal Goetghelluck/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 13.1: © Martha Cooper/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 13.2c: 
© CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc; 13.3b: Courtesy The Williams Syndrome Association; 13.4b: Courtesy Kathy Wise; 13.5b: From N.B. Spinner, et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, 55 (1994): p. 239. The University of Chicago Press; 13.10 (top): Courtesy Daniel S. Friend; 13.10 (bottom): Courtesy Dr. Robert Terry, USCD-School of Medicine; 13.11: © Pat Pendarvis; 13.12: © Dr. Gopal Murti/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 13.13 (both): Courtesy Dr. Hemachandra Reddy; 13.14: © Mediscan/Medical-On-Line; 13.15 (both): Courtesy Dr. Rabi Tawil; 13.15 (middle): Courtesy Muscular Dystrophy; 13.17: Courtesy of Mergen, Ltd; 13.18: © Bernard Bennot/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 13.19, 13.20, 13.21a (both): © Royalty Free/Getty Images; 13.21b-2: © The McGraw-Hill Companies/Bob Coyle, photographer; 13.21c (both): © Royalty Free/Getty Images; 13.23: © Cindy Charles/Photo Edit; 13.25a: © AP Photo/Elizabeth Fulford, 1994; 13.25b: © AP Photo/Muscular Dystrophy Association/Jay LaPrete.
Chapter 14
Opener (Dogs): © Yoav Levy/Phototake; (Surgeons): © CORBIS Royalty Free; (Akiapolaau): © Jack Jeffrey Photography; (Finch): Courtesy Dr. Sheila Conant, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Manoa; 14.1 (Ship): © Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 14.1 (Iguana): 
© Norbert Wu/Peter Arnold; 14.1 (Rhea): © Tom Stack & Associates; 14.1 (Darwin): © American Museum of Natural History, photo courtesy Geoffrey West. Neg. no 326697.; 14.2a: © Henry W. Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 14.2b: © Shiela Terry/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 14.3b: © J & L Weber/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 14.4b: © PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 14.5: © Juan & Carmecita Munoz/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 14.6a: © Adrienne T. Gibson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 14.6b: © Joe McDonald/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 14.6c: © Leonard L. Rue/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 14.7: Courtesy David M. Hillis, University of Texas, Austin; 14.10: © James Watt/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 14.9a,b: 
© Edward S. Ross; 14.10 (bottom): © Haroldo Palo, Jr./NHPA; 14.10 (top): © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 14.11: © Joe Tucciarone/Interstellar Illustrations; 14.13 (Sugar glider): 
© A.N.T. Photo Library/NHPA; 14.13 (Wombat): 
© Adrienne Gibson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 14.13 (Koala): © Ann B. Kelser/SuperStock; 14.13 (Kangaroo): © George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 14.15: © CBS/Phototake.
Chapter 15
Opener (Zebras): © Peter Chadwick/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Peacocks): © Ernest A. Janes/Bruce Coleman Inc.; (Douglas): © Reuters/Corbis; 15.1: © Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 15.2: © Vol. 25/CORBIS; 15.3a: Hardy: National Library; 15.3b: Weinberg: National Library; 15.5a,b: © Michael Tweedie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 15.6 (Bairdi): © Visuals Unlimited; 15.6 (Obsoleta): © William Weber/Visuals Unlimited; 15.6 (Quadrivittate): © Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; 15.6 (Rossaleni): © Dale Jackson/Visuals Unlimited; 15.6 (Spiloides): 
© Joseph Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 15.6 (Lindheimeri): © Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 15.9: Courtesy Victor McKusick; 15.12: © Bob Evans/Peter Arnold; 15.13b: 
© Stanley Flegler.
Chapter 16
Opener (Green): © Zig Leszczynsky/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; (Rhinocerous): © Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; (Marine): © Kelvin Aitken/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 16.1: The Field Museum of Natural History. Neg. CK9T, Chicago; 16.2 (Acadian): © Karl Maslowski/Visuals Unlimited; 16.2 (Least): © Stanley Maslowski/Visuals Unlimited; 16.2 (Traaill’s): 
© Ralph Reinhold/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 16.3a: © Sylvia Mader; 16.3b: © B & C Alexander/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 16.5: © Barbara Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; 16.6 (top left): © Superstock, Inc./SuperStock; 16.6 (top right): © Robert J. Erwin/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 16.6c (left): © Jorg & Petra Wegner/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; 16.10a: 
© Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 16.10b: 
© Alfred Pasieka/SPL/Photo Researchers; 16.10c: 
© Sinclair Stammers/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 16.10d: © Gary Retherford/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 16.10e: © Phil Degginger/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 16.10f: © Scott Berner/Visuals Unlimited.
Chapter 17
Opener (Orphan): © Steve Raymer/Corbis; (AIDS): © A. Ramey/Photo Edit; (X-ray): © AP Photo/Lori Waselchuk; (Leprosy): © Kelly Fajack/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Masks): © Wolfgang Schmidt/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Hands): © Aaron Haupt/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.2b: © Lee Simon/Photo Researchers; 17.4: © Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 17.7 (inset): 
© Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.7 (background): © AP Photo/ho; 17.20a: © L.L. Sims/Visuals Unlimited; 17.20b: © Daniel V. Gotschall/Visuals Unlimited; 17.8a: © Alfred Pasieka/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20c: © D.P. Wilson & Eric David Hosking/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20d: 
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.8b: © David Scharf/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.;17.20e: © Pascal Goethgheluck/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20f: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 17.8c: © Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20g: © M.I. Walker/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20h: © D.P. Wilson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.10c: © Alfred Pasieka/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.20i: © Randy Morse/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 17.20j: 
© Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.10b: © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.11a: © Eric Graves/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.11b: 
© Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; 17.12: Courtesy Nitragin Company, Inc.; 17.13a: © Vol. 29/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 17.13b: Ken Graham/Accent Alaska; 17.13 (left): © Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; 17.14: © Paul Webster/Getty Images; 17.15a: © Susan Rosenthal/CORBIS; 17.15 (inset): 
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 17.16a: © John Sohlden/Visuals Unlimited; 17.16b: From J.T. Staley, et al., “Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,” Vol. 13, © 1989 Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Prepared by A.L. Usted Photography by Dept. of Biophysics, Norwegian Institute of Technology; 17.17a: © Jeff Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.17b (inset): Courtesy Dennis W. Grogan, University of Cincinnati; 17.22a: © Eric Grave/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.22b: © Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 17.21: © Dr. David Patterson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.22c: © Omikron/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17.22d: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; 17.22e: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited; 17.23 (top): © Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited; 17.23 (bottom): © V. Duran/Visuals Unlimited.
Chapter 18
Opener (Background): © Photodisc Red/Getty Images; (Goshawk): © Leonard Rue Enterprises/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Wheatfield): 
© Pixtal/age foto; (Cotton plant): © S. Solum/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 18.1a (Moss): © John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; 18.1a (inset): Courtesy Graham Kent; 18.1b (Fern): © William E. Ferguson; 18.1b (inset): Courtesy Graham Kent; 18.1c (Conifer): © Kent Dannen/Photo Researchers; 18.1c (inset): Courtesy Graham Kent; 18.1d (Cherry blossom): © E. Webber/Visuals Unlimited; 18.1d (inset): © Richard Shiell/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 18.5 (right): © Heather Angel; 18.5 (left): © Bruce Iverson; 18.6 (top): 
© Kingsley Stern; 18.6 (middle): © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman; 18.6 (bottom): 
© Ed Reschke; 18.7: The Field Museum of Natural History. Neg. no. GEO75400C, Chicago; 18.8 (Royal): © Forest W. Buchanan/Visuals Unlimited; 18.8 (Maidenhair): © John Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; 18.8 (Hart’s tongue): © Walter H. Hodge/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 18.10: © Dwight Kuhn; 18.12a: © Kingsley Stern; 18.12b: © Alan G. Nelson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 18.13a (Pine tree): © Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.13 (Seed cones): © Geoff Kidd/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.13a (Pollen cone): © Barry Runk/STAN/Grant Heilman; 18.13b (Spruce): © Ed Reschke, Peter Arnold, Inc.; 18.13c (Juniper tree): 
© T. Daniel/Bruce Coleman; 18.13c (Berries): 
© Edward R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman; 18.14: Courtesy Stephen McCabe/Arboretum at University of California Santa Cruz; 18.17a: 
© Comstock; 18.17b: © H. Eisenbelss/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.17c: © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.17d: © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; 18.18b–d: 
© Walther H. Hodge/Peter Arnold; 18.19 (all): 
© Peter Harholdt/SuperStock; 18.20a: © Biophoto Assoc./Photo Researchers; 18.20b: © Bill Keogh/Visuals Unlimited; 18.20c: © Gary R. Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 18.20d: © Michael Vivard/Peter Arnold; 18.21a: © Gary T. Cole/Biological Photo Service; 18.22 (Bread): © Precision Graphics/Kim Brucker, Photographer; 18.22 (Micrograph): 
© James W. Richardson/Visuals Unlimited; 18.23b: © Glenn Oliver/Visuals Unlimited; 18.24: 
© L. West/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.25 (Fruitcose): © John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; 18.25 (Foliose): © Kerry T. Givens/Tom Stock & Associates; 18.26: © R. Roncandore/Visuals Unlimited; 18.27 (Wine): © Barry Runk/STAN/Grant Heilman; 18.28a: © Kingsley Stern; 18.29a: © Everett S. Beneke/Visuals Unlimited; 18.29b: 
© John Hadfield/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18.29c: © P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 19
Opener (Platypus): © D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook; (Kitten): © Royalty-Free/Getty Images; (Penguin): 
© Johnny Johnson/Animals Animals Earth Scenes; (Gull): © Tony Camacho/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.1a (a–d lower, e): © Dwight Kuhn; 19.1 
(a–d top): © Cabisco/Phototake; 19.7a: © Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.8a: 
© CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; 19.8b: © CABISCO/Phototake; 19.9a: © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman; 19.9b: © Ron Taylor/Bruce Coleman; 19.9c: © Under Watercolours; 19.10e: © Tom E. Adams/Peter Arnold; 19.11a: © James Webb/Phototake; 19.11b: © NIBSC/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.12a: © Arthur Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited; 19.12 (Trichinella): 
© John Burbidge/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.15 (Snail): © Bob Coyle; 19.15 (Nudibranch): 
© Kenneth W. Fink/Bruce Coleman; 19.15 (Octopus): © Alex Kerstitch/Bruce Coleman; 
19.15 (Nautilus): © Douglas Faulkner/Photo Researchers; 19.15 (Scallop): Courtesy of 
Larry S. Roberts; 19.15 (Mussels): © Rick Harbo; 19.17a: © Heather Angel; 19.17b: © James Carmichael/Nature Photographics; 19.17c: © St. Bartholomews Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.19a–e: © John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.20a: © Kim Taylor/Bruce Coleman; 19.20b: 
© James Carmichael/Nature Photographics; 
19.21a: © C. Allan Morgan/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 19.20c: © Natural History Photographic Agency; 19.21b: © John Bell/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 
19.20d: © Kjell Sandved/Butterfly Alphabet; 
19.21c (lower): © Daniel Lyons/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 19.21c (top): © Ken Lucas/Ardea; 19.21d: 
© David M. Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 19.21e (Millipede): © Geof DeFeu/ImageState; 19.22 (Scale): © Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; 19.22 (Beetle): © Kjell Sandved/Bruce Coleman; 19.22 (Lacewing): © Glenn Oliver/Visuals Unlimited; 19.22 (Fly): © L. West/Bruce Coleman; 19.22 (Walking stick): © Art Wolfe; 19.22 (Honeybee): © John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.22 (Flea, Bug): © Edward S. Ross; 19.22 (Dragonfly): © John Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; 19.22 (Moth): © Clevland P. Hickman; 19.22 (Grasshopper): © Gary Meszaros/Visuals Unlimited; 19.22 (Leaf hopper): © Farley Bridges; 19.23b (left): © P. Danna/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 19.23b (right): 
© Carl Roessler/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.23c: 
© Alex Kerstitch/Visuals Unlimited; 19.23d: © Jim Greenfield/Imagequestmarine.com; 19.23e (left): 
© Randy Morse/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 19.23e (right): © Roger Steene/ Imagequestmarine.com; 19.25a: © Rick Harbo; 19.25b, 19.28a: 
© Heather Angel; 19.28b: © Norbert Wu; 19.28c: 
© Ron & Valerie Taylor/Bruce Coleman; 19.29b: 
© John Dudak/Phototake; 19.30: © Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 19.31a: © Martin Harvey; Gallo Images/Corbis; 19.32 (both): 
© Daniel J. Cox; 19.33a: © Kirtley Perkins/Visuals Unlimited; 19.33b: © Thomas Kitchin/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.33c: © Brian Parker/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.34a: © B.G. Thompson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19.34b: © Leonard Lee Rue/Photo Researchers; 19.34c: © Fritz Prenzel/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 19.35a: © Leonard Lee Rue; 19.35b: © Stephen J. Krasemann/DRK Photo; 19.35c: © Denise Tackett/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.35d: © Mike Bacon/Tom Stack & Associates; 19.38a: © Dan Dreyfus and Associates; 19.38b: 
© John Reader/Photo Researchers; 19.40: Courtesy American Museum of Natural History.
Chapter 20
Opener (Fertilizer): © Evelyn Jo Herbert; (Redwood): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers; (Pitcher plant): 
© Vol. 6/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 20.2a: © Patti Murray/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 20.2b: 
© Michael Gadomski/Photo Researchers; 20.2c: 
© CABISCO/Phototake; 20.3a: © G.R. Roberts/Natural Sciences Image Library; 20.3b: © Ed Degginger/Color Pic; 20.5a: © Runk Schoenberger/Grant Heilman; 20.3c: © David Newman/Visuals Unlimited; 20.5b: © J.R. Waaland/BPS; 20.5c, 20.6a–c: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 20.7a: Courtesy Wilfred A. Cote, SUNY College of Environmental Forestry; 20.7b: © Randy Moore/Visuals Unlimited; 20.9: © Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 20.10: © J. Robert Waaland/BPS; 20.11a: Courtesy Ray F. Evert, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 20.11b: 
© CABISCO/Phototake; 20.12: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 20.13 (top): © CABISCO/Phototake; 20.13 (bottom): © Terry Ashley/Tom Stack & Associates; 20.14a: © Ken Wagner/Phototake; 20.14b: © Ken Wagner/Phototake; 20.15: Courtesy Mary E. Doohan; 20.16a: © Dwight Kuhn; 20.16b: © Runk Schoenberger/Grant Heilman.
Chapter 21
Opener (Light): © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman; (Chrysanthemum): © Vol. DT09/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; (Soybean): © Photodisc/Getty Images; 21.2a–b: Courtesy Prof. Malcolm B. Wilkins; 21.3: © Robert E. Lyons/Visuals Unlimited; 21.4a: Courtesy John Selier Virginia Tech Forestry Department; 21.4b: © Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 21.5a,b: © Kingsley Stern; 21.5c: © Anton Vengo/SuperStock RF; 21.6: © Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman, Inc.; 21.7: 
© Kingsley Stern; 21.9: © David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit; 21.12a: Courtesy Timothy J. Fehr; 21.12b: 
© Ed Reschke; 21.13a: © Arthur C. Smith, III/Grant Heilman; 21.13b: © Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman; 21.14 (top): Courtesy Graham Kent; 21.14 (bottom): © Ed Reschke; 21.15a: © Vol. 7/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 21.15b: © Simko/Visuals Unlimited; 21.15c: © Dwight Kuhn; 21.16f: © Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 21.17 (Walnuts): © Harry Haralambou/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 21.17 (Pea pod): 
© Andrew Thomas/Getty Images; 21.17 (Peach): 
© Age fotostock/SuperStock; 21.17 (Apple): © Age fotostock/SuperStock; 21.18: © Vol. 39/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 21.22a–f: Courtesy Prof. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Koop, from Plant Cell Reports, 17:601-604; 21.23: © Kingsley Stern; 21.24a–c: Courtesy Monsanto; 21.25: © William Freese; 21.26: Courtesy Dr. Eduardo Blumwald, From Zhang, H.X. & Blumwald, E. (2001) “Transgenic salt tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in the foliage but not in the fruits” in Nature Biotechnology, 19: 765-768 (http://www.nature.com/).
Chapter 22
Opener (Finger): © Vol. SS36/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; (Insulin): © SIU/Visuals Unlimited; 22.3 (Pseudostratified, Simple squamous): © Ed Reschke; 22.3 (Simple columnar): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; 22.3 (Simple cuboidal): © Ed Reschke; 22.4 (left): © Jim Merli/Visuals Unlimited; 22.4 (right), 22.5a–d, 22.7a–c, 22.8: © Ed Reschke. 
Chapter 23
Opener (Blood): © Susan Van Etten/Photo Edit; (Treadmill): © Fotopic/Miles Simons/Phototake; (Pacemaker): © Vol. 59/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 23.6b-c: © Ed Reschke; 23.11: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 23.12: © Pascal Goethgheluck/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 23.14: © Prof P.M. Motta, and S. Correr/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 23.16d: © Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold.
Chapter 24
Opener (Urine): © Vol. 54/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; (Preemie): © Ansel Horn/Phototake; 24.6: © Ardea London Ltd; 24.8c (bottom): © Fawcett, Hirokawa, Heuser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 24.13: © Photo Insolite Realite/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 24.15b: © Ed Reschke.
Chapter 25
Opener (Steak): © Royalty-Free CORBIS; (Pills): 
© Michael Keller/CORBIS; (Oreo): © Reuters/CORBIS; 25.1: © Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 25.2a: “A Colour Atlas and Text of Nutritional Disorders,” by Dr. Donald D. McLaren/Mosby-Wolfe Europe Lt.; 25.2b: © ISM/Phototake; 25.3: © Precision Graphics/
Kim Brucker, Photographer; 25.4: © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, John Thoeming photographer; 25.5: Courtesy ® Quaker Oates; 25.6: © Vol. 20/Photo Disc/Getty Images; 25.7: © Biophoto Assoicates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 25.9a: 
© Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 25.9b: © Lester Lefkowitz/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 25.9c: © Medical Graphics, Inc.; 25.11: Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 25.12: © Corbis Royalty-Free; 25.13a: © Tony Freeman/Photo Edit; 25.13b: © Donna Day/Stone/Getty Images.
Chapter 26
Opener (HIV): © Lennart Nilsson/Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; (Cyclosporine): 
© Brad Nelson/Phototake; (Nurse): © Vol. 41/Getty Images; 26.2: © David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit; 26.4a: © Boehringer Ingelheim Intl, GmbH, photo by Lennart Nilsson; 26.6: Courtesy Dr. Arthur J. Olson, Scripps Institute; 26.8b: © Boehringer Ingelheim Intl, GmbH, photo by Lennart Nilsson; 26.9: © Michael Newman/Photo Edit; 26.10 (Pollen): © David Scharf/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 26.10 (Girl): © Damien Lovegrove/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 26.11: © Richard Anderson; 26.12: © A. Ramey/Photo Edit.
Chapter 27
Opener (Woman, Couple): © Royalty-Free CORBIS; (Brain): © Neil Bordon/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27.7 (both): © Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; 27.8: © Reuters/CORBIS; 27.11: © Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 27.14: © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27.19: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27.20: © Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Photo Library; 27.21a–b: “Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis,” 2nd edition by Zitelli and Davis, 1992. Mosby-Wolfe Europe LTd., London, U.K.. 
Chapter 28
Opener (Weights): © Royalty-Free/CORBIS; (Tongue): © William Radcliffe/Science Faction/Getty Images; (Calcium): © Vol. 67/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; Fig. 28.4a,b: Courtesy Robert S. Preston and Joseph E. Hawkins, Kresge Research Institute, University of Michigan; 28.14a: © Michael Fogden/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 28.16: Courtesy Hugh Huxley; 28.18: © Julie Lemberger/Corbis; 28.19a: © Gerard Vandystadt/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 29
Opener (Spermatazoa): © Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Baby): © Royalty-Free/CORBIS; (Gonorrhhea): © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers,Inc.; 29.1: © Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; 29.2: 
© Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 29.3: 
© Leonard Lee Rue, Jr./Photo Researchers, Inc.; 29.9 (BCP): © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Bob Coyle photographer; 29.9 (IUD): © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Vincent Ho photographer; 29.9 (Depo-Provera, Spermicidal jelly, Condom): © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Bob Coyle photographer; 29.9 (Implant): © Population Council/Karen Tweedy-Holmes; 29.10: © Myrleen Ferguson Cate/Photo Edit; 29.11: © CC Studio/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 29.12: © Nicholas Nixon; 29.13: © Vol. 62/CORBIS; 29.19a: © Lennart Nilsson “A Child is Born” Dell Publishing Company; 29.21: © Lennart Nilsson/A Child is Born, Dell Publishing; 29.22: 
© John Watney/Photo Researchers; 29.23f: © James Stevenson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 29.24: Lennart Nilsson, “A Child is Born” 1990 Delacorte Press, Pg. 111 top frame; 29.26: © Dennis MacDonald/Photo Edit.
Chapter 30
Opener (Newborn): © ER Productions/Corbis; (Hong Kong): © D. Normark/Photo Link/Getty Images RF; (Billboard): © Bohemian Nomad Picturemakers/Corbis; 30.3a: © Jeff Greenberg/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 30.3b: © Ben Osborne/OSB/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 30.4c: © Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 30.5 (Cars): © Comstock Images/Getty RF; 30.5 (Crowd): © Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS; 30.6a: © Richard Weymouth Brooks/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 30.9a: © age fotostock/SuperStock; 30.9b: © Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 30.12: © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer; 30.16: © Alan Carey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 30.17 (top): © Ted Levin/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 30.17 (lower): © Martin Harvey;Gallo Images/Corbis; 30.19: 
© Mike Bacon/Tom Stack & Associates; 30.20a: 
© Jeff Henry/National Park Service; 30.20b: 
© William P. Cunningham.
Chapter 31
Opener (Earth): © Stock Trek/Getty Images RF; (Kelp): © Chuck Davis/Stone/Getty Images; (Lake): © Michael Gadomski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 31.1a: © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31.1b: Courtesy Dr. Rod Peakall, School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University; 31.1c: © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; 31.2a: © Charlie Ott/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31.2b: © Michael Graybill and Jan Hodder/BPS; 31.3 (Temperate, Desert): 
© Vol. 63/CORBIS; 31.5a–c,e: © Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 31.6: © Steve Austin; Papilio/Corbis; 31.10a–c: Courtesy Daniel Janzen; 31.11: © George Armistead/VIREO; 31.12a: 
© Howard Buffett/Grant Heilman; 31.12b: © John Mithcell/Photo Researchers; 31.13 (both): 
© Hermann Eisenbeiss/Photo Researchers; 31.13 (Diatom): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; 31.14 (Giraffe): © George W. Cox; 31.14 (Caterpillar): 
© Muridsany et Perennou/Photo Researchers; 31.14 (Osprey): © Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimied; 31.14 (Mantis): © Scott Camazine; 31.15 (Mushroom): 
© Michael Beug; 31.15 (Acetobacter): © David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 31.17: © Sylvia Mader; 31.23: © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31.25: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31.27a: © Vol. 121/CORBIS; 31.27b: 
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Carlyn Iverson, photographer; 31.27c: © David Hall/Photo Researchers; 31.27d: © Vol. 121/CORBIS; 31.28 (Tundra): © Vol. 121/CORBIS; 31.28 (Taiga): 
© Vol. 63/CORBIS; 31.28 (Temperate): © Vol. 63/CORBIS; 31.28 (Prairie): © Vol. 86/CORBIS; 31.28 (Savannah): © Gregory Dimijan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31.28 (Desert): © Vol. 63/CORBIS; 31.28 (Rain forest): © Vol. 121/CORBIS.
Chapter 32
Opener (Deforestation): © L. Hobbs/PhotoLink/Getty Images RF; (Bulldozer): © PhotoLink/Getty Images RF; (Biosphere): © James Marshall/Corbis; 32.1 (Hong Kong): © D. Normark/Photolink/Getty Images; (Ocean): Evelyn Jo Hebert; (Food): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, Photographer; (Solar): © Gerald and Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; (Mining): © James P. Blair, National Geographic Image Collection; (Farming): © Vol. 39/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 32.2: © Melvin Zucker/Visuals Unlimited; 32.4b: Courtesy of Carla Montgomery; 32.5a: © Gregg Vaughn/Tom Stack & Associates; 32.5b: © Jeremy Samuelson/FoodPix/Getty Images; 32.5c: © Gregg Vaughn/Tom Stack & Associates; 32.6a: © Jodi Jacobson/Peter Arnold; 32.6b: © Peter Essick/Aurora; 32.7a: © Laish Bristo/Visuals Unlimited; 32.7b: © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 32.7c: Courtesy V. Jane Windsor, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; 32.8: 
© CORBIS RF; 32.9a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 32.9b: © PhotoLink/Getty Images RF; 32.10b: Courtesy Walther C. Japp, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; 32.11a: © David L. Pearson/Visuals Unlimited; 32.11b: © S.K. Patrick/Visuals Unlimited; 32.11c: 
© Argus Foto Archiv/Peter Arnold; 32.11d: © Gerald and Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 32.12a: © Matt Stiveson/NREL/DOE; 32.12b: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler AG; 32.12c: © Warren Gretz/NREL/DOE; 32.13: © James P. Blair, National Geographic Image Collection; 32.15b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold; 32.16 (Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold; 32.16 (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold; 32.17 (Lady bug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 32.17 (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; 32.17 (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 32.17d: © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; 32.18 (top): © William M. Smithey, Jr.; 32.18 (bottom): 
© Corbis/Vol. 121; 32.19: © Stuart Westmorland/Corbis; 32.20a: © Kent Knudson/PhotoLink/Getty Images RF; 32.20b: © Scenics of America/PhotoLink/Getty Images.